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Title:
Spitzer  Transit Follow-up of Planet Candidates from the K2 Mission
Authors:
Livingston, John H.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Werner, Michael W.; Gorjian, Varoujan; Petigura, Erik A.; Ciardi, David R.; Dressing, Courtney D.; Fulton, Benjamin J.; Hirano, Teruyuki; Schlieder, Joshua E.; Sinukoff, Evan; Kosiarek, Molly; Akeson, Rachel; Beichman, Charles A.; Benneke, Björn; Christiansen, Jessie L.; Hansen, Bradley M. S.; Howard, Andrew W.; Isaacson, Howard; Knutson, Heather A.; Krick, Jessica; Martinez, Arturo O.; Sato, Bun'ei; Tamura, Motohide
Affiliation:
AA(Department of Astronomy, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan ;; 0000-0002-4881-3620), AB(Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA), AC(Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA), AD(Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA), AE(Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA ; 0000-0003-0967-2893), AF(Caltech/IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), AG(Astronomy Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 0000-0001-8189-0233), AH(Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 0000-0003-3504-5316), AI(Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan 0000-0003-3618-7535), AJ(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA 0000-0001-5347-7062), AK(Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA ; Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA 0000-0002-5658-0601), AL(Department of Astronomy, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA ; 0000-0002-6115-4359), AM(Caltech/IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 0000-0001-9674-1564), AN(Caltech/IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), AO(Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada), AP(Caltech/IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 0000-0002-8035-4778), AQ(Mani L. Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA), AR(Department of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 0000-0001-8638-0320), AS(Astronomy Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 0000-0002-0531-1073), AT(Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), AU(Caltech/IPAC-NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA), AV(Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, 25 Park Place NE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA 0000-0002-3311-4085), AW(Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan 0000-0001-8033-5633), AX(Department of Astronomy, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan ; Astrobiology Center, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan 0000-0002-6510-0681)
Publication:
The Astronomical Journal, Volume 157, Issue 3, article id. 102, 15 pp. (2019). (AJ Homepage)
Publication Date:
03/2019
Origin:
IOP
Astronomy Keywords:
planets and satellites: detection, planets and satellites: fundamental parameters, techniques: photometric
DOI:
10.3847/1538-3881/aaff69
Bibliographic Code:
2019AJ....157..102L

Abstract

We present precision 4.5 mu {{m}} Spitzer transit photometry of eight planet candidates discovered by the K2 mission: K2-52 b, K2-53 b, EPIC 205084841.01, K2-289 b, K2-174 b, K2-87 b, K2-90 b, and K2-124 b. The sample includes four sub-Neptunes and two sub-Saturns, with radii between 2.6 and 18 {R}\oplus and equilibrium temperatures between 440 and 2000 K. In this paper we identify several targets of potential interest for future characterization studies, demonstrate the utility of transit follow-up observations for planet validation and ephemeris refinement, and present new imaging and spectroscopy data. Our simultaneous analysis of the K2 and Spitzer light curves yields improved estimates of the planet radii and multiwavelength information that helps validate their planetary nature, including the previously unvalidated candidate EPIC 205686202.01 (K2-289 b). Our Spitzer observations yield an order-of-magnitude increase in ephemeris precision, thus paving the way for efficient future study of these interesting systems by reducing the typical transit timing uncertainty in mid-2021 from several hours to a dozen or so minutes. K2-53 b, K2-289 b, K2-174 b, K2-87 b, and K2-90 b are promising radial velocity (RV) targets given the performance of spectrographs available today or in development, and the M3V star K2-124 hosts a temperate sub-Neptune that is potentially a good target for both RV and atmospheric characterization studies.
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