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Title:
Exoplanets around Low-mass Stars Unveiled by K2
Authors:
Hirano, Teruyuki; Dai, Fei; Gandolfi, Davide; Fukui, Akihiko; Livingston, John H.; Miyakawa, Kohei; Endl, Michael; Cochran, William D.; Alonso-Floriano, Francisco J.; Kuzuhara, Masayuki; Montes, David; Ryu, Tsuguru; Albrecht, Simon; Barragan, Oscar; Cabrera, Juan; Csizmadia, Szilard; Deeg, Hans; Eigmüller, Philipp; Erikson, Anders; Fridlund, Malcolm; Grziwa, Sascha; Guenther, Eike W.; Hatzes, Artie P.; Korth, Judith; Kudo, Tomoyuki; Kusakabe, Nobuhiko; Narita, Norio; Nespral, David; Nowak, Grzegorz; Pätzold, Martin; Palle, Enric; Persson, Carina M.; Prieto-Arranz, Jorge; Rauer, Heike; Ribas, Ignasi; Sato, Bun'ei; Smith, Alexis M. S.; Tamura, Motohide; Tanaka, Yusuke; Van Eylen, Vincent; Winn, Joshua N.
Affiliation:
AA(Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan 0000-0003-3618-7535), AB(Department of Physics, and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA ; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA 0000-0002-8958-0683), AC(Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Torino, via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy 0000-0001-8627-9628), AD(Okayama Astrophysical Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Asakuchi, Okayama 719-0232, Japan 0000-0002-4909-5763), AE(Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan), AF(Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan), AG(Department of Astronomy and McDonald Observatory, University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway, Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USA 0000-0002-7714-6310), AH(Department of Astronomy and McDonald Observatory, University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway, Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USA 0000-0001-9662-3496), AI(Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, 2333CA Leiden, The Netherlands ; Departamento de Astrofísica y Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), AJ(Astrobiology Center, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan), AK(Departamento de Astrofísica y Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain), AL(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan 0000-0002-1978-4883), AM(Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark), AN(Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Torino, via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy 0000-0003-0563-0493), AO(Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany 0000-0001-6653-5487), AP(Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany), AQ(Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain 0000-0003-0047-4241), AR(Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany 0000-0003-4096-0594), AS(Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany), AT(Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, 2333CA Leiden, The Netherlands ; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, Sweden 0000-0003-2180-9936), AU(Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Aachener Strasse 209, D-50931 Köln, Germany 0000-0003-3370-4058), AV(Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenberg, Germany), AW(Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenberg, Germany), AX(Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Aachener Strasse 209, D-50931 Köln, Germany), AY(Subaru Telescope, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 650 North Aohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA 0000-0002-9294-1793), AZ(Astrobiology Center, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan), BA(Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Astrobiology Center, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan 0000-0001-8511-2981), BB(Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain), BC(Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain 0000-0002-7031-7754), BD(Rheinisches Institut für Umweltforschung an der Universität zu Köln, Aachener Strasse 209, D-50931 Köln, Germany), BE(Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain), BF(Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, Sweden), BG(Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Spain ; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Spain), BH(Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany; Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, TU Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany), BI(Institut de Ciències de l'Espai (CSIC-IEEC), Carrer de Can Magrans, Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain 0000-0002-6689-0312), BJ(Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan 0000-0001-8033-5633), BK(Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center, Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany), BL(Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; Astrobiology Center, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan 0000-0002-6510-0681), BM(Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan), BN(Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, 2333CA Leiden, The Netherlands 0000-0001-5542-8870), BO(Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA 0000-0002-4265-047X)
Publication:
The Astronomical Journal, Volume 155, Issue 3, article id. 127, 23 pp. (2018). (AJ Homepage)
Publication Date:
03/2018
Origin:
IOP
Astronomy Keywords:
methods: observational, planets and satellites: detection, techniques: high angular resolution, techniques: photometric, techniques: radial velocities, techniques: spectroscopic
DOI:
10.3847/1538-3881/aaa9c1
Bibliographic Code:
2018AJ....155..127H

Abstract

We present the detection and follow-up observations of planetary candidates around low-mass stars observed by the K2 mission. Based on light-curve analysis, adaptive-optics imaging, and optical spectroscopy at low and high resolution (including radial velocity measurements), we validate 16 planets around 12 low-mass stars observed during K2 campaigns 5-10. Among the 16 planets, 12 are newly validated, with orbital periods ranging from 0.96 to 33 days. For one of the planets (K2-151b), we present ground-based transit photometry, allowing us to refine the ephemerides. Combining our K2 M-dwarf planets together with the validated or confirmed planets found previously, we investigate the dependence of planet radius R p on stellar insolation and metallicity [Fe/H]. We confirm that for periods P ≲ 2 days, planets with a radius {R}p≳ 2 {R}\oplus are less common than planets with a radius between 1-2 R ⊕. We also see a hint of the ``radius valley'' between 1.5 and 2 R ⊕, which has been seen for close-in planets around FGK stars. These features in the radius/period distribution could be attributed to photoevaporation of planetary envelopes by high-energy photons from the host star, as they have for FGK stars. For the M dwarfs, though, the features are not as well defined, and we cannot rule out other explanations such as atmospheric loss from internal planetary heat sources or truncation of the protoplanetary disk. There also appears to be a relation between planet size and metallicity: the few planets larger than about 3 R ⊕ are found around the most metal-rich M dwarfs.
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