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Title:
Upper limit on dimming of cosmological sources by intergalactic grey dust from the soft X-ray background
Authors:
Dijkstra, Mark; Loeb, Abraham
Affiliation:
AA(Institute for Theory & Computation, Harvard University, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; ), AB(Institute for Theory & Computation, Harvard University, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; )
Publication:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 397, Issue 4, pp. 1976-1981. (MNRAS Homepage)
Publication Date:
08/2009
Origin:
MNRAS
MNRAS Keywords:
scattering , dust, extinction , intergalactic medium , quasars: general , cosmology: theory , X-rays: diffuse background
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15102.x
Bibliographic Code:
2009MNRAS.397.1976D

Abstract

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) produce a dominant fraction (FAGN ~ 80per cent) of the soft X-ray background (SXB) at photon energies 0.5 < E < 2 keV. If dust pervaded throughout the intergalactic medium, its scattering opacity would have produced diffuse X-ray haloes around AGN. Taking account of known galaxies and galaxy clusters, only a fraction Fhalo <~ 10per cent of the SXB can be in the form of diffuse X-ray haloes around AGN. We therefore limit the intergalactic opacity to optical/infrared photons from large dust grains, with radii in the range a = 0.2-2.0μm, to a level τGD <~ 0.15(Fhalo/10per cent)(FAGN/80per cent)-1 to a redshift z ~ 1. Our results are only weakly dependent on the grain size distribution in this size range or the redshift evolution of the intergalactic dust. Stacking X-ray images of AGN can be used to improve our constraints and diminish the importance of dust as a source of systematic uncertainty for future supernova surveys which aim to improve the precision on measuring the redshift evolution of the dark energy equation-of-state.
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