An upper limit on the stochastic gravitational-wave background of cosmological origin

doi:10.1038/nature08278

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Title:		An upper limit on the stochastic gravitational-wave background of cosmological origin
Authors:		Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Acernese, F.; Adhikari, R.; Ajith, P.; Allen, B.; Allen, G.; Alshourbagy, M.; Amin, R. S.; Anderson, S. B.; Anderson, W. G.; Antonucci, F.; Aoudia, S.; Arain, M. A.; Araya, M.; Armandula, H.; Armor, P.; Arun, K. G.; Aso, Y.; Aston, S.; Astone, P.; Aufmuth, P.; Aulbert, C.; Babak, S.; Baker, P.; Ballardin, G.; Ballmer, S.; Barker, C.; Barker, D.; Barone, F.; Barr, B.; Barriga, P.; Barsotti, L.; Barsuglia, M.; Barton, M. A.; Bartos, I.; Bassiri, R.; Bastarrika, M.; Bauer, Th. S.; Behnke, B.; Beker, M.; Benacquista, M.; Betzwieser, J.; Beyersdorf, P. T.; Bigotta, S.; Bilenko, I. A.; Billingsley, G.; Birindelli, S.; Biswas, R.; Bizouard, M. A.; Black, E.; Blackburn, J. K.; Blackburn, L.; Blair, D.; Bland, B.; Boccara, C.; Bodiya, T. P.; Bogue, L.; Bondu, F.; Bonelli, L.; Bork, R.; Boschi, V.; Bose, S.; Bosi, L.; Braccini, S.; Bradaschia, C.; Brady, P. R.; Braginsky, V. B.; Van Den Brand, J. F. J.; Brau, J. E.; Bridges, D. O.; Brillet, A.; Brinkmann, M.; Brisson, V.; van den Broeck, C.; Brooks, A. F.; Brown, D. A.; Brummit, A.; Brunet, G.; Bullington, A.; Bulten, H. J.; Buonanno, A.; Burmeister, O.; Buskulic, D.; Byer, R. L.; Cadonati, L.; Cagnoli, G.; Calloni, E.; Camp, J. B.; Campagna, E.; Cannizzo, J.; Cannon, K. C.; Canuel, B.; Cao, J.; Carbognani, F.; Cardenas, L.; Caride, S.; Castaldi, G.; Caudill, S.; Cavaglià, M.; Cavalier, F.; Cavalieri, R.; Cella, G.; Cepeda, C.; Cesarini, E.; Chalermsongsak, T.; Chalkley, E.; Charlton, P.; Chassande-Mottin, E.; Chatterji, S.; Chelkowski, S.; Chen, Y.; Christensen, N.; Chung, C. T. Y.; Clark, D.; Clark, J.; Clayton, J. H.; Cleva, F.; Coccia, E.; Cokelaer, T.; Colacino, C. N.; Colas, J.; Colla, A.; Colombini, M.; Conte, R.; Cook, D.; Corbitt, T. R. C.; Corda, C.; Cornish, N.; Corsi, A.; Coulon, J.-P.; Coward, D.; Coyne, D. C.; Creighton, J. D. E.; Creighton, T. D.; Cruise, A. M.; Culter, R. M.; Cumming, A.; Cunningham, L.; Cuoco, E.; Danilishin, S. L.; D'Antonio, S.; Danzmann, K.; Dari, A.; Dattilo, V.; Daudert, B.; Davier, M.; Davies, G.; Daw, E. J.; Day, R.; de Rosa, R.; Debra, D.; Degallaix, J.; Del Prete, M.; Dergachev, V.; Desai, S.; Desalvo, R.; Dhurandhar, S.; di Fiore, L.; di Lieto, A.; di Paolo Emilio, M.; di Virgilio, A.; Díaz, M.; Dietz, A.; Donovan, F.; Dooley, K. L.; Doomes, E. E.; Drago, M.; Drever, R. W. P.; Dueck, J.; Duke, I.; Dumas, J.-C.; Dwyer, J. G.; Echols, C.; Edgar, M.; Effler, A.; Ehrens, P.; Ely, G.; Espinoza, E.; Etzel, T.; Evans, M.; Evans, T.; Fafone, V.; Fairhurst, S.; Faltas, Y.; Fan, Y.; Fazi, D.; Fehrmann, H.; Ferrante, I.; Fidecaro, F.; Finn, L. S.; Fiori, I.; Flaminio, R.; Flasch, K.; Foley, S.; Forrest, C.; Fotopoulos, N.; Fournier, J.-D.; Franc, J.; Franzen, A.; Frasca, S.; Frasconi, F.; Frede, M.; Frei, M.; Frei, Z.; Freise, A.; Frey, R.; Fricke, T.; Fritschel, P.; Frolov, V. V.; Fyffe, M.; Galdi, V.; Gammaitoni, L.; Garofoli, J. A.; Gennai, A.; Gholami, I.; Giaime, J. A.; Giampanis, S.; Giardina, K. D.; Giazotto, A.; Goda, K.; Goetz, E.; Goggin, L. M.; González, G.; Gorodetsky, M. L.; Goßler, S.; Gouaty, R.; Granata, M.; Granata, V.; Grant, A.; Gras, S.; Gray, C.; Gray, M.; Greenhalgh, R. J. S.; Gretarsson, A. M.; Greverie, C.; Grimaldi, F.; Grosso, R.; Grote, H.; Grunewald, S.; Guenther, M.; Guidi, G.; Gustafson, E. K.; Gustafson, R.; Hage, B.; Hallam, J. M.; Hammer, D.; Hammond, G. D.; Hanna, C.; Hanson, J.; Harms, J.; Harry, G. M.; Harry, I. W.; Harstad, E. D.; Haughian, K.; Hayama, K.; Heefner, J.; Heitmann, H.; Hello, P.; Heng, I. S.; Heptonstall, A.; Hewitson, M.; Hild, S.; Hirose, E.; Hoak, D.; Hodge, K. A.; Holt, K.; Hosken, D. J.; Hough, J.; Hoyland, D.; Huet, D.; Hughey, B.; Huttner, S. H.; Ingram, D. R.; Isogai, T.; Ito, M.; Ivanov, A.; Johnson, B.; Johnson, W. W.; Jones, D. I.; Jones, G.; Jones, R.; Sancho de La Jordana, L.; Ju, L.; Kalmus, P.; Kalogera, V.; Kandhasamy, S.; Kanner, J.; Kasprzyk, D.; Katsavounidis, E.; Kawabe, K.; Kawamura, S.; Kawazoe, F.; Kells, W.; Keppel, D. G.; Khalaidovski, A.; Khalili, F. Y.; Khan, R.; Khazanov, E.; King, P.; Kissel, J. S.; Klimenko, S.; Kokeyama, K.; Kondrashov, V.; Kopparapu, R.; Koranda, S.; Kozak, D.; Krishnan, B.; Kumar, R.; Kwee, P.; La Penna, P.; Lam, P. K.; Landry, M.; Lantz, B.; Laval, M.; Lazzarini, A.; Lei, H.; Lei, M.; Leindecker, N.; Leonor, I.; Leroy, N.; Letendre, N.; Li, C.; Lin, H.; Lindquist, P. E.; Littenberg, T. B.; Lockerbie, N. A.; Lodhia, D.; Longo, M.; Lorenzini, M.; Loriette, V.; Lormand, M.; Losurdo, G.; Lu, P.; Lubiński, M.; Lucianetti, A.; Lück, H.; Machenschalk, B.; Macinnis, M.; Mackowski, J.-M.; Mageswaran, M.; Mailand, K.; Majorana, E.; Man, N.; Mandel, I.; Mandic, V.; Mantovani, M.; Marchesoni, F.; Marion, F.; Márka, S.; Márka, Z.; Markosyan, A.; Markowitz, J.; Maros, E.; Marque, J.; Martelli, F.; Martin, I. W.; Martin, R. M.; Marx, J. N.; Mason, K.; Masserot, A.; Matichard, F.; Matone, L.; Matzner, R. A.; Mavalvala, N.; McCarthy, R.; McClelland, D. E.; McGuire, S. C.; McHugh, M.; McIntyre, G.; McKechan, D. J. A.; McKenzie, K.; Mehmet, M.; Melatos, A.; Melissinos, A. C.; Mendell, G.; Menéndez, D. F.; Menzinger, F.; Mercer, R. A.; Meshkov, S.; Messenger, C.; Meyer, M. S.; Michel, C.; Milano, L.; Miller, J.; Minelli, J.; Minenkov, Y.; Mino, Y.; Mitrofanov, V. P.; Mitselmakher, G.; Mittleman, R.; Miyakawa, O.; Moe, B.; Mohan, M.; Mohanty, S. D.; Mohapatra, S. R. P.; Moreau, J.; Moreno, G.; Morgado, N.; Morgia, A.; Morioka, T.; Mors, K.; Mosca, S.; Mossavi, K.; Mours, B.; Mowlowry, C.; Mueller, G.; Muhammad, D.; Mühlen, H. Zur; Mukherjee, S.; Mukhopadhyay, H.; Mullavey, A.; Müller-Ebhardt, H.; Munch, J.; Murray, P. G.; Myers, E.; Myers, J.; Nash, T.; Nelson, J.; Neri, I.; Newton, G.; Nishizawa, A.; Nocera, F.; Numata, K.; Ochsner, E.; O'Dell, J.; Ogin, G. H.; O'Reilly, B.; O'Shaughnessy, R.; Ottaway, D. J.; Ottens, R. S.; Overmier, H.; Owen, B. J.; Pagliaroli, G.; Palomba, C.; Pan, Y.; Pankow, C.; Paoletti, F.; Papa, M. A.; Parameshwaraiah, V.; Pardi, S.; Pasqualetti, A.; Passaquieti, R.; Passuello, D.; Patel, P.; Pedraza, M.; Penn, S.; Perreca, A.; Persichetti, G.; Pichot, M.; Piergiovanni, F.; Pierro, V.; Pinard, L.; Pinto, I. M.; Pitkin, M.; Pletsch, H. J.; Plissi, M. V.; Poggiani, R.; Postiglione, F.; Principe, M.; Prix, R.; Prodi, G. A.; Prokhorov, L.; Punken, O.; Punturo, M.; Puppo, P.; Van Der Putten, S.; Quetschke, V.; Raab, F. J.; Rabaste, O.; Rabeling, D. S.; Radkins, H.; Raffai, P.; Raics, Z.; Rainer, N.; Rakhmanov, M.; Rapagnani, P.; Raymond, V.; Re, V.; Reed, C. M.; Reed, T.; Regimbau, T.; Rehbein, H.; Reid, S.; Reitze, D. H.; Ricci, F.; Riesen, R.; Riles, K.; Rivera, B.; Roberts, P.; Robertson, N. A.; Robinet, F.; Robinson, C.; Robinson, E. L.; Rocchi, A.; Roddy, S.; Rolland, L.; Rollins, J.; Romano, J. D.; Romano, R.; Romie, J. H.; Röver, C.; Rowan, S.; Rüdiger, A.; Ruggi, P.; Russell, P.; Ryan, K.; Sakata, S.; Salemi, F.; Sandberg, V.; Sannibale, V.; Santamaría, L.; Saraf, S.; Sarin, P.; Sassolas, B.; Sathyaprakash, B. S.; Sato, S.; Satterthwaite, M.; Saulson, P. R.; Savage, R.; Savov, P.; Scanlan, M.; Schilling, R.; Schnabel, R.; Schofield, R.; Schulz, B.; Schutz, B. F.; Schwinberg, P.; Scott, J.; Scott, S. M.; Searle, A. C.; Sears, B.; Seifert, F.; Sellers, D.; Sengupta, A. S.; Sentenac, D.; Sergeev, A.; Shapiro, B.; Shawhan, P.; Shoemaker, D. H.; Sibley, A.; Siemens, X.; Sigg, D.; Sinha, S.; Sintes, A. M.; Slagmolen, B. J. J.; Slutsky, J.; van der Sluys, M. V.; Smith, J. R.; Smith, M. R.; Smith, N. D.; Somiya, K.; Sorazu, B.; Stein, A.; Stein, L. C.; Steplewski, S.; Stochino, A.; Stone, R.; Strain, K. A.; Strigin, S.; Stroeer, A.; Sturani, R.; Stuver, A. L.; Summerscales, T. Z.; Sun, K.-X.; Sung, M.; Sutton, P. J.; Swinkels, B. L.; Szokoly, G. P.; Talukder, D.; Tang, L.; Tanner, D. B.; Tarabrin, S. P.; Taylor, J. R.; Taylor, R.; Terenzi, R.; Thacker, J.; Thorne, K. A.; Thorne, K. S.; Thüring, A.; Tokmakov, K. V.; Toncelli, A.; Tonelli, M.; Torres, C.; Torrie, C.; Tournefier, E.; Travasso, F.; Traylor, G.; Trias, M.; Trummer, J.; Ugolini, D.; Ulmen, J.; Urbanek, K.; Vahlbruch, H.; Vajente, G.; Vallisneri, M.; Vass, S.; Vaulin, R.; Vavoulidis, M.; Vecchio, A.; Vedovato, G.; van Veggel, A. A.; Veitch, J.; Veitch, P.; Veltkamp, C.; Verkindt, D.; Vetrano, F.; Viceré, A.; Villar, A.; Vinet, J.-Y.; Vocca, H.; Vorvick, C.; Vyachanin, S. P.; Waldman, S. J.; Wallace, L.; Ward, H.; Ward, R. L.; Was, M.; Weidner, A.; Weinert, M.; Weinstein, A. J.; Weiss, R.; Wen, L.; Wen, S.; Wette, K.; Whelan, J. T.; Whitcomb, S. E.; Whiting, B. F.; Wilkinson, C.; Willems, P. A.; Williams, H. R.; Williams, L.; Willke, B.; Wilmut, I.; Winkelmann, L.; Winkler, W.; Wipf, C. C.; Wiseman, A. G.; Woan, G.; Wooley, R.; Worden, J.; Wu, W.; Yakushin, I.; Yamamoto, H.; Yan, Z.; Yoshida, S.; Yvert, M.; Zanolin, M.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, C.; Zotov, N.; Zucker, M. E.; Zweizig, J.; LIGO Collaboration; Virgo Collaboration
Affiliation:		AA(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), AB(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), AC(INFN, Sezione di Napoli; Università di Napoli 'Federico II' Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli; Università di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy.), AD(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), AE(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), AF(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), AG(Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA), AH(INFN, Sezione di Pisa; Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa; Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.), AI(Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA), AJ(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), AK(University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA), AL(INFN, Sezione di Roma; Università 'La Sapienza', I-00185 Roma, Italy.), AM(Departement Artemis, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, F-06304 Nice, France), AN(University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA), AO(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), AP(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), AQ(University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA), AR(LAL, Université Paris-Sud, IN2P3/CNRS, F-91898 Orsay, France), AS(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), AT(University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.), AU(INFN, Sezione di Roma; Università 'La Sapienza', I-00185 Roma, Italy.), AV(Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), AW(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), AX(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Golm, Germany), AY(Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA), AZ(European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina (Pi), Italy.), BA(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), BB(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), BC(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), BD(INFN, Sezione di Napoli; Università di Napoli 'Federico II' Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli; Università di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy.), BE(University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.), BF(University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.), BG(LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA), BH(AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC), CNRS-UMR 7164-IN2P3-Observatoire de Paris-Université Denis Diderot-Paris VII F-75205 Paris- CEA; DSM/IRSU F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France), BI(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), BJ(Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA), BK(University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.), BL(University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.), BM(Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, P.O. Box 41882, 1009 DB Amsterdam; The Netherlands VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.), BN(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Golm, Germany), BO(Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, P.O. Box 41882, 1009 DB Amsterdam; The Netherlands VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.), BP(The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA), BQ(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), BR(San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192, USA), BS(INFN, Sezione di Pisa; Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa; Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.), BT(Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.), BU(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), BV(Departement Artemis, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, F-06304 Nice, France), BW(University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA), BX(LAL, Université Paris-Sud, IN2P3/CNRS, F-91898 Orsay, France), BY(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), BZ(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), CA(LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA), CB(University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.), CC(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), CD(ESPCI, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France), CE(LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA), CF(LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA), CG(Departement Artemis, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, F-06304 Nice, France), CH(INFN, Sezione di Pisa; Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa; Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.), CI(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), CJ(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), CK(Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA), CL(INFN, Sezione di Perugia; Università di Perugia, I-6123 Perugia; Università di Camerino, I-62032, Camerino, Italy.), CM(INFN, Sezione di Pisa; Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa; Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.), CN(INFN, Sezione di Pisa; Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa; Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.), CO(University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA), CP(Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.), CQ(Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, P.O. Box 41882, 1009 DB Amsterdam; The Netherlands VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.), CR(University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA), CS(LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA), CT(Departement Artemis, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, F-06304 Nice, France), CU(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), CV(LAL, Université Paris-Sud, IN2P3/CNRS, F-91898 Orsay, France), CW(Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.), CX(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), CY(Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA), CZ(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, HSIC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK.), DA(LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA), DB(Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA), DC(Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, P.O. 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Box 41882, 1009 DB Amsterdam; The Netherlands VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.), SA(University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA), SB(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), SC(AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC), CNRS-UMR 7164-IN2P3-Observatoire de Paris-Université Denis Diderot-Paris VII F-75205 Paris- CEA; DSM/IRSU F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France), SD(Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, P.O. Box 41882, 1009 DB Amsterdam; The Netherlands VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.), SE(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), SF(Eötvös University, ELTE 1053 Budapest, Hungary.), SG(Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA), SH(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), SI(The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA), SJ(INFN, Sezione di Roma; Università 'La Sapienza', I-00185 Roma, Italy.), SK(Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA), SL(INFN, Gruppo Collegato di Trento; Università di Trento, I-38050 Povo, Trento, Italy; INFN, Sezione di Padova; Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.), SM(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), SN(Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, USA), SO(Departement Artemis, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, F-06304 Nice, France), SP(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), SQ(University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.), SR(University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA), SS(INFN, Sezione di Roma; Università 'La Sapienza', I-00185 Roma, Italy.), ST(LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA), SU(University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA), SV(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), SW(Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan 49104, USA), SX(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA; University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.), SY(LAL, Université Paris-Sud, IN2P3/CNRS, F-91898 Orsay, France), SZ(Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.), TA(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Golm, Germany), TB(INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata; Università di Roma Tor Vergata; Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (IFSI) INAF, I-00133 Roma; Università dell'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.), TC(LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA), TD(Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS, Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France), TE(Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA), TF(The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA), TG(INFN, Sezione di Napoli; Università di Napoli 'Federico II' Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, I-80126 Napoli; Università di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy.), TH(LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA), TI(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), TJ(University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.), TK(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), TL(European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina (Pi), Italy.), TM(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), TN(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), TO(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan.), TP(INFN, Gruppo Collegato di Trento; Università di Trento, I-38050 Povo, Trento, Italy; INFN, Sezione di Padova; Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.), TQ(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), TR(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), TS(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Golm, Germany), TT(Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California 94928, USA), TU(LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA), TV(Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), IN2P3/CNRS, F-69622 Villeurbanne, Lyon, France), TW(Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.), TX(National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan.), TY(Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.), TZ(Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA), UA(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), UB(Caltech-CaRT, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), UC(Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, USA), UD(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), UE(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), UF(University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA), UG(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), UH(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Golm, Germany; Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.), UI(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), UJ(University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.), UK(Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.), UL(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), UM(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), UN(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), UO(LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA), UP(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), UQ(European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina (Pi), Italy.), UR(Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia.), US(LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA), UT(University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA), UU(LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA), UV(LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA), UW(University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA), UX(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), UY(Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA), UZ(Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.), VA(Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.), VB(Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA), VC(Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA), VD(Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA), VE(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), VF(LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA), VG(Caltech-CaRT, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), VH(University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.), VI(LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA), VJ(LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA), VK(Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA), VL(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), VM(The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA), VN(University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.), VO(Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.), VP(NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA), VQ(INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino; Università degli Studi di Firenze, I-50121, Firenze; Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', I-61029 Urbino, Italy.), VR(LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA), VS(Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan 49104, USA), VT(Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA), VU(Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA), VV(Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK.), VW(European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina (Pi), Italy.), VX(Eötvös University, ELTE 1053 Budapest, Hungary.), VY(Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA), VZ(The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA), WA(University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA), WB(Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.), WC(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), WD(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), WE(INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata; Università di Roma Tor Vergata; Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (IFSI) INAF, I-00133 Roma; Università dell'Aquila, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.), WF(LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA), WG(LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA), WH(Caltech-CaRT, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), WI(Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), WJ(University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.), WK(INFN, Sezione di Pisa; Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa; Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.), WL(INFN, Sezione di Pisa; Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa; Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.), WM(LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA), WN(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), WO(Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS, Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France), WP(INFN, Sezione di Perugia; Università di Perugia, I-6123 Perugia; Università di Camerino, I-62032, Camerino, Italy.), WQ(LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA), WR(Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.), WS(Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS, Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France), WT(Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, USA), WU(Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA), WV(Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA), WW(Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), WX(INFN, Sezione di Pisa; Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa; Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.), WY(Caltech-CaRT, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), WZ(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), XA(University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA), XB(LAL, Université Paris-Sud, IN2P3/CNRS, F-91898 Orsay, France), XC(University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.), XD(INFN, Gruppo Collegato di Trento; Università di Trento, I-38050 Povo, Trento, Italy; INFN, Sezione di Padova; Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy.), XE(University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.), XF(University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.), XG(University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.), XH(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), XI(Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS, Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France), XJ(INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino; Università degli Studi di Firenze, I-50121, Firenze; Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', I-61029 Urbino, Italy.), XK(INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino; Università degli Studi di Firenze, I-50121, Firenze; Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', I-61029 Urbino, Italy.), XL(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), XM(Departement Artemis, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, F-06304 Nice, France), XN(INFN, Sezione di Perugia; Università di Perugia, I-6123 Perugia; Università di Camerino, I-62032, Camerino, Italy.), XO(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), XP(Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.), XQ(LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA), XR(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), XS(University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.), XT(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), XU(LAL, Université Paris-Sud, IN2P3/CNRS, F-91898 Orsay, France), XV(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), XW(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), XX(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), XY(LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA), XZ(University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Caltech-CaRT, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), YA(Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA), YB(Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.), YC(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Golm, Germany; Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA), YD(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), YE(University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA), YF(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), YG(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), YH(The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA), YI(University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA), YJ(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), YK(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, HSIC, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK.), YL(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), YM(Albert-Einstein-Institut, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany), YN(LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA), YO(University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA), YP(University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.), YQ(LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA), YR(LIGO - Hanford Observatory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA), YS(University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA), YT(LIGO - Livingston Observatory, Livingston, Louisiana 70754, USA), YU(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), YV(University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.), YW(Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana 70402, USA), YX(Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules (LAPP), IN2P3/CNRS, Université de Savoie, F-74941 Annecy-le-Vieux, France), YY(Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, Arizona 86301, USA), YZ(University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA), ZA(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), ZB(University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.), ZC(Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, USA), ZD(LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA), ZE(LIGO - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA)
Publication:		Nature, Volume 460, Issue 7258, pp. 990-994 (2009). (Nature Homepage)
Publication Date:		08/2009
Origin:		NATURE
DOI:		10.1038/nature08278
Bibliographic Code:		2009Natur.460..990A

Abstract

A stochastic background of gravitational waves is expected to arise from a superposition of a large number of unresolved gravitational-wave sources of astrophysical and cosmological origin. It should carry unique signatures from the earliest epochs in the evolution of the Universe, inaccessible to standard astrophysical observations. Direct measurements of the amplitude of this background are therefore of fundamental importance for understanding the evolution of the Universe when it was younger than one minute. Here we report limits on the amplitude of the stochastic gravitational-wave background using the data from a two-year science run of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO). Our result constrains the energy density of the stochastic gravitational-wave background normalized by the critical energy density of the Universe, in the frequency band around 100Hz, to be <6.9×10^-6 at 95% confidence. The data rule out models of early Universe evolution with relatively large equation-of-state parameter, as well as cosmic (super)string models with relatively small string tension that are favoured in some string theory models. This search for the stochastic background improves on the indirect limits from Big Bang nucleosynthesis and cosmic microwave background at 100Hz.

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