Atmospheric effects on extensive air showers observed with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger observatory

doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2009.06.004

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Title:		Atmospheric effects on extensive air showers observed with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger observatory
Authors:		The Pierre AUGER Collaboration; Abraham, J.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; Aguirre, C.; Ahn, E. J.; Allard, D.; Allekotte, I.; Allen, J.; Allison, P.; Alvarez-Muñiz, J.; Ambrosio, M.; Anchordoqui, L.; Andringa, S.; Anzalone, A.; Aramo, C.; Arganda, E.; Argirò, S.; Arisaka, K.; Arneodo, F.; Arqueros, F.; Asch, T.; Asorey, H.; Assis, P.; Aublin, J.; Ave, M.; Avila, G.; Bäcker, T.; Badagnani, D.; Barber, K. B.; Barbosa, A. F.; Barroso, S. L. C.; Baughman, B.; Bauleo, P.; Beatty, J. J.; Beau, T.; Becker, B. R.; Becker, K. H.; Bellétoile, A.; Bellido, J. A.; Benzvi, S.; Berat, C.; Bernardini, P.; Bertou, X.; Biermann, P. L.; Billoir, P.; Blanch-Bigas, O.; Blanco, F.; Bleve, C.; Blümer, H.; Boháčová, M.; Bonifazi, C.; Bonino, R.; Borodai, N.; Brack, J.; Brogueira, P.; Brown, W. C.; Bruijn, R.; Buchholz, P.; Bueno, A.; Burton, R. E.; Busca, N. G.; Caballero-Mora, K. S.; Caramete, L.; Caruso, R.; Carvalho, W.; Castellina, A.; Catalano, O.; Cazon, L.; Cester, R.; Chauvin, J.; Chiavassa, A.; Chinellato, J. A.; Chou, A.; Chudoba, J.; Chye, J.; Clay, R. W.; Colombo, E.; Conceição, R.; Connolly, B.; Contreras, F.; Coppens, J.; Cordier, A.; Cotti, U.; Coutu, S.; Covault, C. E.; Creusot, A.; Criss, A.; Cronin, J.; Curutiu, A.; Dagoret-Campagne, S.; Dallier, R.; Daumiller, K.; Dawson, B. R.; de Almeida, R. M.; de Domenico, M.; de Donato, C.; de Jong, S. J.; de La Vega, G.; de Mello, W. J. M.; de Mello Neto, J. R. T.; de Mitri, I.; de Souza, V.; de Vries, K. D.; Decerprit, G.; Del Peral, L.; Deligny, O.; Della Selva, A.; Delle Fratte, C.; Dembinski, H.; di Giulio, C.; Diaz, J. C.; Diep, P. N.; Dobrigkeit, C.; D'Olivo, J. C.; Dong, P. N.; Dornic, D.; Dorofeev, A.; Dos Anjos, J. C.; Dova, M. T.; D'Urso, D.; Dutan, I.; Duvernois, M. A.; Engel, R.; Erdmann, M.; Escobar, C. O.; Etchegoyen, A.; Facal San Luis, P.; Falcke, H.; Farrar, G.; Fauth, A. C.; Fazzini, N.; Ferrer, F.; Ferrero, A.; Fick, B.; Filevich, A.; Filipčič, A.; Fleck, I.; Fliescher, S.; Fracchiolla, C. E.; Fraenkel, E. D.; Fulgione, W.; Gamarra, R. F.; Gambetta, S.; García, B.; García Gámez, D.; Garcia-Pinto, D.; Garrido, X.; Gelmini, G.; Gemmeke, H.; Ghia, P. L.; Giaccari, U.; Giller, M.; Glass, H.; Goggin, L. M.; Gold, M. S.; Golup, G.; Gomez Albarracin, F.; Gómez Berisso, M.; Gonçalves, P.; Gonçalves Do Amaral, M.; Gonzalez, D.; Gonzalez, J. G.; Góra, D.; Gorgi, A.; Gouffon, P.; Grashorn, E.; Grebe, S.; Grigat, M.; Grillo, A. F.; Guardincerri, Y.; Guarino, F.; Guedes, G. P.; Gutiérrez, J.; Hague, J. D.; Halenka, V.; Hansen, P.; Harari, D.; Harmsma, S.; Harton, J. L.; Haungs, A.; Healy, M. D.; Hebbeker, T.; Hebrero, G.; Heck, D.; Hojvat, C.; Holmes, V. C.; Homola, P.; Hörandel, J. R.; Horneffer, A.; Hrabovský, M.; Huege, T.; Hussain, M.; Iarlori, M.; Insolia, A.; Ionita, F.; Italiano, A.; Jiraskova, S.; Kaducak, M.; Kampert, K. H.; Karova, T.; Kasper, P.; Kégl, B.; Keilhauer, B.; Kemp, E.; Kieckhafer, R. M.; Klages, H. O.; Kleifges, M.; Kleinfeller, J.; Knapik, R.; Knapp, J.; Koang, D.-H.; Krieger, A.; Krömer, O.; Kruppke-Hansen, D.; Kuempel, D.; Kunka, N.; Kusenko, A.; La Rosa, G.; Lachaud, C.; Lago, B. L.; Lautridou, P.; Leão, M. S. A. B.; Lebrun, D.; Lebrun, P.; Lee, J.; Leigui de Oliveira, M. A.; Lemiere, A.; Letessier-Selvon, A.; Leuthold, M.; Lhenry-Yvon, I.; López, R.; Lopez Agüera, A.; Louedec, K.; Lozano Bahilo, J.; Lucero, A.; Luna García, R.; Lyberis, H.; Maccarone, M. C.; Macolino, C.; Maldera, S.; Mandat, D.; Mantsch, P.; Mariazzi, A. G.; Maris, I. C.; Marquez Falcon, H. R.; Martello, D.; Martínez, J.; Martínez Bravo, O.; Mathes, H. J.; Matthews, J.; Matthews, J. A. J.; Matthiae, G.; Maurizio, D.; Mazur, P. O.; McEwen, M.; McNeil, R. R.; Medina-Tanco, G.; Melissas, M.; Melo, D.; Menichetti, E.; Menshikov, A.; Meyhandan, R.; Micheletti, M. I.; Miele, G.; Miller, W.; Miramonti, L.; Mollerach, S.; Monasor, M.; Monnier Ragaigne, D.; Montanet, F.; Morales, B.; Morello, C.; Moreno, J. C.; Morris, C.; Mostafá, M.; Moura, C. A.; Mueller, S.; Muller, M. A.; Mussa, R.; Navarra, G.; Navarro, J. L.; Navas, S.; Necesal, P.; Nellen, L.; Newman-Holmes, C.; Newton, D.; Nhung, P. T.; Nierstenhoefer, N.; Nitz, D.; Nosek, D.; Nožka, L.; Nyklicek, M.; Oehlschläger, J.; Olinto, A.; Oliva, P.; Olmos-Gilbaja, V. M.; Ortiz, M.; Ortolani, F.; Pacheco, N.; Pakk Selmi-Dei, D.; Palatka, M.; Pallotta, J.; Parente, G.; Parizot, E.; Parlati, S.; Pastor, S.; Patel, M.; Paul, T.; Pavlidou, V.; Payet, K.; Pech, M.; PeĶala, J.; Pelayo, R.; Pepe, I. M.; Perrone, L.; Pesce, R.; Petermann, E.; Petrera, S.; Petrinca, P.; Petrolini, A.; Petrov, Y.; Petrovic, J.; Pfendner, C.; Piegaia, R.; Pierog, T.; Pimenta, M.; Pinto, T.; Pirronello, V.; Pisanti, O.; Platino, M.; Pochon, J.; Ponce, V. H.; Pontz, M.; Privitera, P.; Prouza, M.; Quel, E. J.; Rautenberg, J.; Ravel, O.; Ravignani, D.; Redondo, A.; Reucroft, S.; Revenu, B.; Rezende, F. A. S.; Ridky, J.; Riggi, S.; Risse, M.; Rivière, C.; Rizi, V.; Robledo, C.; Rodriguez, G.; Rodriguez Martino, J.; Rodriguez Rojo, J.; Rodriguez-Cabo, I.; Rodríguez-Frías, M. D.; Ros, G.; Rosado, J.; Rossler, T.; Roth, M.; Rouillé-D'Orfeuil, A.; Roulet, E.; Rovero, A. C.; Salamida, F.; Salazar, H.; Salina, G.; Sánchez, F.; Santander, M.; Santo, C. E.; Santos, E. M.; Sarazin, F.; Sarkar, S.; Sato, R.; Scharf, N.; Scherini, V.; Schieler, H.; Schiffer, P.; Schmidt, A.; Schmidt, F.; Schmidt, T.; Scholten, O.; Schoorlemmer, H.; Schovancova, J.; Schovánek, P.; Schroeder, F.; Schulte, S.; Schüssler, F.; Schuster, D.; Sciutto, S. J.; Scuderi, M.; Segreto, A.; Semikoz, D.; Settimo, M.; Shellard, R. C.; Sidelnik, I.; Siffert, B. B.; Smiałkowski, A.; Šmída, R.; Smith, B. E.; Snow, G. R.; Sommers, P.; Sorokin, J.; Spinka, H.; Squartini, R.; Strazzeri, E.; Stutz, A.; Suarez, F.; Suomijärvi, T.; Supanitsky, A. D.; Sutherland, M. S.; Swain, J.; Szadkowski, Z.; Tamashiro, A.; Tamburro, A.; Tarutina, T.; Taşcău, O.; Tcaciuc, R.; Tcherniakhovski, D.; Thao, N. T.; Thomas, D.; Ticona, R.; Tiffenberg, J.; Timmermans, C.; Tkaczyk, W.; Todero Peixoto, C. J.; Tomé, B.; Tonachini, A.; Torres, I.; Travnicek, P.; Tridapalli, D. B.; Tristram, G.; Trovato, E.; Tuci, V.; Tueros, M.; Ulrich, R.; Unger, M.; Urban, M.; Valdés Galicia, J. F.; Valiño, I.; Valore, L.; van den Berg, A. M.; Vázquez, J. R.; Vázquez, R. A.; Veberič, D.; Velarde, A.; Venters, T.; Verzi, V.; Videla, M.; Villaseñor, L.; Vorobiov, S.; Voyvodic, L.; Wahlberg, H.; Wahrlich, P.; Wainberg, O.; Warner, D.; Watson, A. A.; Westerhoff, S.; Whelan, B. J.; Wieczorek, G.; Wiencke, L.; Wilczyńska, B.; Wilczyński, H.; Wileman, C.; Winnick, M. G.; Wu, H.; Wundheiler, B.; Yamamoto, T.; Younk, P.; Yuan, G.; Zas, E.; Zavrtanik, D.; Zavrtanik, M.; Zaw, I.; Zepeda, A.; Ziolkowski, M.
Affiliation:		AA(Observatorio Meteorologico Parque Gral. San Martin (UTN- FRM/CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina), AB(LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal), AC(Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy), AD(Universidad Catolica de Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia), AE(Fermilab, Batavia, IL, USA), AF(Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC), Université Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico), AG(Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina), AH(New York University, New York, NY, USA), AI(Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA), AJ(Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain), AK(Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy), AL(University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA), AM(LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal), AN(Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy), AO(Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy), AP(Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain), AQ(Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy), AR(University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA), AS(INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy), AT(Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain), AU(Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Germany), AV(Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina), AW(LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal), AX(Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris Cedex 05, France), AY(University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, IL, USA), AZ(Pierre Auger Southern Observatory and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina), BA(Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany), BB(IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina), BC(University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia), BD(Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil), BE(Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista, BA, Brazil), BF(Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA), BG(Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA), BH(Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA), BI(Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC), Université Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France), BJ(University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA), BK(Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany), BL(Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, INPG, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France), BM(University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia; University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA), BN(University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA), BO(Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, INPG, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France), BP(Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy), BQ(Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina), BR(Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany), BS(Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris Cedex 05, France), BT(Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris Cedex 05, France), BU(Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain), BV(Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy), BW(Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany; Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany), BX(University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, IL, USA; Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic), BY(Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris Cedex 05, France), BZ(Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy), CA(Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland), CB(Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA), CC(LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal), CD(Colorado State University, Pueblo, CO, USA), CE(School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, United Kingdom), CF(Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany), CG(Universidad de Granada & C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain), CH(Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA), CI(Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC), Université Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France), CJ(Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe, Germany), CK(Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany), CL(Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy), CM(Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), CN(Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy), CO(Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy), CP(Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Germany), CQ(Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy), CR(Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier, INPG, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, France), CS(Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy), CT(Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil), CU(Fermilab, Batavia, IL, USA; New York University, New York, NY, USA), CV(Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic), CW(Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA), CX(University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia), CY(Centro Atómico Constituyentes (Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica/CONICET/UTN-FRBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina), CZ(LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa, Portugal), DA(University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA), DB(Pierre Auger Southern Observatory, Malargüe, Argentina), DC(IMAPP, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; NIKHEF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), DD(Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France), DE(Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico), DF(Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA), DG(Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA), DH(Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia), DI(Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA), DJ(University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, IL, USA), DK(Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany), DL(Laboratoire de l’Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France), DM(SUBATECH, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, France), DN(Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany), DO(University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia), DP(Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil), DQ(Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy), DR(Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy), DS(IMAPP, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands), DT(Observatorio Meteorologico Parque Gral. San Martin (UTN- FRM/CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina), DU(Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil), DV(Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil), DW(Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce, Italy), DX(Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Carlos, SP, Brazil), DY(Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands), DZ(Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC), Université Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris, France), EA(Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain), EB(Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France), EC(Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy), EE(Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy), EE(RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany), EF(Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy), EG(Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA), EH(Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology (INST), Hanoi, Viet Nam), EI(Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil), EJ(Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, DF, Mexico), EK(Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology (INST), Hanoi, Viet Nam), EL(Institut de Physique Nucléaire d’Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France), EM(Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA), EN(Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil), EO(IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina), EP(Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy), EQ(Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany), ER(University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA), ES(Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany), ET(RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany), EU(Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil), EV(Centro Atómico Constituyentes (Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica/CONICET/UTN-FRBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina), EW(University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, IL, USA; Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain), EX(IMAPP, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; ASTRON, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands), EY(New York University, New York, NY, USA), EZ(Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil), FA(Fermilab, Batavia, IL, USA), FB(Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA), FC(Centro Atómico Constituyentes (Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica/CONICET/UTN-FRBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina), FD(New York University, New York, NY, USA), FE(Centro Atómico Constituyentes (Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica/CONICET/UTN-FRBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina), FF(J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia), FG(Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany), FH(RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany), FI(Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil), FJ(Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands), FK(Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy), FL(Centro Atómico Constituyentes (Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica/CONICET/UTN-FRBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina), FM(Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università and INFN, Genova, Italy), FN(Observatorio Meteorologico Parque Gral. 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Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany), GM(INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L’Aquila), Italy), GN(Departamento de Física, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires y CONICET, Argentina), GO(Università di Napoli “Federico II” and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy), GP(Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil), GQ(Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain), GR(University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA), GS(Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic), GT(IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina), GU(Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina), GV(Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; NIKHEF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), GW(Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA), GX(Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany), GY(University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA), GZ(RWTH Aachen University, III. 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Publication:		Astroparticle Physics, Volume 32, Issue 2, p. 89-99. (APh Homepage)
Publication Date:		09/2009
Origin:		ELSEVIER
Keywords:		96.50.sd, 96.50.sb, 96.50.sf
DOI:		10.1016/j.astropartphys.2009.06.004
Bibliographic Code:		2009APh....32...89T

Abstract

Atmospheric parameters, such as pressure (P), temperature (T) and density (ρ∝P/T), affect the development of extensive air showers initiated by energetic cosmic rays. We have studied the impact of atmospheric variations on extensive air showers by means of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The rate of events shows a ˜10% seasonal modulation and ˜2% diurnal one. We find that the observed behaviour is explained by a model including the effects associated with the variations of P and ρ. The former affects the longitudinal development of air showers while the latter influences the Molière radius and hence the lateral distribution of the shower particles. The model is validated with full simulations of extensive air showers using atmospheric profiles measured at the site of the Pierre Auger Observatory.

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