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Title:
X-rays from solar system objects
Authors:
Bhardwaj, Anil; Elsner, Ronald F.; Randall Gladstone, G.; Cravens, Thomas E.; Lisse, Carey M.; Dennerl, Konrad; Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella; Wargelin, Bradford J.; Hunter Waite, J.; Robertson, Ina; Østgaard, Nikolai; Beiersdorfer, Peter; Snowden, Steven L.; Kharchenko, Vasili
Affiliation:
AA(Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, Trivandrum 695022, India), AB(NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, NSSTC/XD12, Space Science Branch, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA), AC(Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78228-0510, USA), AD(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA), AE(Applied Physics Laboratory, John Hopkins University, 11100 John Hopkins, Laurel, MD 20723, USA), AF(MPI für extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße, Garching D-85748, Germany), AG(Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK), AH(Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA), AI(Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78228-0510, USA), AJ(Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA), AK(Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen N-5007, Norway), AL(Department of Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; Also at Space Sciences Laboratory, 7 Gauss Way, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.), AM(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA), AN(Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA)
Publication:
Planetary and Space Science, Volume 55, Issue 9, p. 1135-1189. (P&SS Homepage)
Publication Date:
06/2007
Origin:
ELSEVIER
Abstract Copyright:
Elsevier Ltd
DOI:
10.1016/j.pss.2006.11.009
Bibliographic Code:
2007P&SS...55.1135B

Abstract

During the last few years our knowledge about the X-ray emission from bodies within the solar system has significantly improved. Several new solar system objects are now known to shine in X-rays at energies below 2 keV. Apart from the Sun, the known X-ray emitters now include planets (Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn), planetary satellites (Moon, Io, Europa, and Ganymede), all active comets, the Io plasma torus (IPT), the rings of Saturn, the coronae (exospheres) of Earth and Mars, and the heliosphere. The advent of higher-resolution X-ray spectroscopy with the Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observatories has been of great benefit in advancing the field of planetary X-ray astronomy. Progress in modeling X-ray emission, laboratory studies of X-ray production, and theoretical calculations of cross-sections, have all contributed to our understanding of processes that produce X-rays from the solar system bodies. At Jupiter and Earth, both auroral and non-auroral disk X-ray emissions have been observed. X-rays have been detected from Saturn's disk, but no convincing evidence of an X-ray aurora has been observed. The first soft (0.1–2 keV) X-ray observation of Earth's aurora by Chandra shows that it is highly variable. The non-auroral X-ray emissions from Jupiter, Saturn, and Earth, those from the disk of Mars, Venus, and Moon, and from the rings of Saturn, are mainly produced by scattering of solar X-rays. The spectral characteristics of X-ray emission from comets, the heliosphere, the geocorona, and the Martian halo are quite similar, but they appear to be quite different from those of Jovian auroral X-rays. X-rays from the Galilean satellites and the IPT are mostly driven by impact of Jovian magnetospheric particles. This paper reviews studies of the soft X-ray emission from the solar system bodies, excluding the Sun. Processes of production of solar system X-rays are discussed and an overview is provided of the main source mechanisms of X-ray production at each object. A brief account on recent development in the area of laboratory studies of X-ray production is also provided.
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