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Title:
Long γ-ray bursts and core-collapse supernovae have different environments
Authors:
Fruchter, A. S.; Levan, A. J.; Strolger, L.; Vreeswijk, P. M.; Thorsett, S. E.; Bersier, D.; Burud, I.; Castro Cerón, J. M.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.; Conselice, C.; Dahlen, T.; Ferguson, H. C.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Garnavich, P. M.; Gibbons, R. A.; Gorosabel, J.; Gull, T. R.; Hjorth, J.; Holland, S. T.; Kouveliotou, C.; Levay, Z.; Livio, M.; Metzger, M. R.; Nugent, P. E.; Petro, L.; Pian, E.; Rhoads, J. E.; Riess, A. G.; Sahu, K. C.; Smette, A.; Tanvir, N. R.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Woosley, S. E.
Affiliation:
AA(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), AB(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), AC(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), AD(European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile), AE(Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA), AF(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), AG(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), AH(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), AI(Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (CSIC), Camino Bajo de Huétor, 50, 18008 Granada, Spain), AJ(California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 105-24, Pasadena, California 91125, USA), AK(Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden), AL(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), AM(Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark), AN(Physics Department, University of Notre Dame, 225 Nieuwland Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA), AO(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), AP(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), AQ(Code 667, Extraterrestial Planets and Stellar Astrophysics, Exploration of the Universe Division,), AR(Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark), AS(Code 660.1, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA), AT(NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, VP-62, National Space Science & Technology Center, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA), AU(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), AV(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), AW(Renaissance Technologies Corporation, 600 Route 25A, East Setauket, New York 11733, USA), AX(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS 50F-1650, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA), AY(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), AZ(INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste, Italy), BA(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), BB(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), BC(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA), BD(European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile), BE(Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK), BF(Astronomical Institute ‘Anton Pannekoek’, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 403, NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands), BG(Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA)
Publication:
Nature, Volume 441, Issue 7092, pp. 463-468 (2006). (Nature Homepage)
Publication Date:
05/2006
Origin:
NATURE
DOI:
10.1038/nature04787
Bibliographic Code:
2006Natur.441..463F

Abstract

When massive stars exhaust their fuel, they collapse and often produce the extraordinarily bright explosions known as core-collapse supernovae. On occasion, this stellar collapse also powers an even more brilliant relativistic explosion known as a long-duration γ-ray burst. One would then expect that these long γ-ray bursts and core-collapse supernovae should be found in similar galactic environments. Here we show that this expectation is wrong. We find that the γ-ray bursts are far more concentrated in the very brightest regions of their host galaxies than are the core-collapse supernovae. Furthermore, the host galaxies of the long γ-ray bursts are significantly fainter and more irregular than the hosts of the core-collapse supernovae. Together these results suggest that long-duration γ-ray bursts are associated with the most extremely massive stars and may be restricted to galaxies of limited chemical evolution. Our results directly imply that long γ-ray bursts are relatively rare in galaxies such as our own Milky Way.
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