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Title:
The Hubble Ultra Deep Field
Authors:
Beckwith, Steven V. W.; Stiavelli, Massimo; Koekemoer, Anton M.; Caldwell, John A. R.; Ferguson, Henry C.; Hook, Richard; Lucas, Ray A.; Bergeron, Louis E.; Corbin, Michael; Jogee, Shardha; Panagia, Nino; Robberto, Massimo; Royle, Patricia; Somerville, Rachel S.; Sosey, Megan
Affiliation:
AA(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218; .; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2686.), AB(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218; .), AC(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218; .), AD(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218; .; McDonald Observatory, University of Texas, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712-0259.), AE(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218; .), AF(European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, Garching D-85748, Germany.; Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, Garching D-85748, Germany.), AG(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218; .), AH(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218; .), AI(US Naval Observatory, Flagstaff Station, P.O. Box 1149, Flagstaff, AZ 86002-1149 .), AJ(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218; .; Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, 1 University Station, Austin, TX 78712-0259.), AK(European Space Agency.), AL(European Space Agency.), AM(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218; .), AN(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218; .; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Koenigstuhl 17, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany.), AO(Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218; .)
Publication:
The Astronomical Journal, Volume 132, Issue 5, pp. 1729-1755. (AJ Homepage)
Publication Date:
11/2006
Origin:
UCP
AJ Keywords:
Astronomical Data Bases: Miscellaneous, Cosmology: Early Universe, Galaxies: Evolution, Galaxies: High-Redshift
DOI:
10.1086/507302
Bibliographic Code:
2006AJ....132.1729B

Abstract

This paper presents the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF), a 1 million s exposure of an 11 arcmin2 region in the southern sky with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope using Director's Discretionary Time. The exposure time was divided among four filters, F435W (B435), F606W (V606), F775W (i 775), and F850LP (z850), to give approximately uniform limiting magnitudes mAB~29 for point sources. The image contains at least 10,000 objects, presented here as a catalog, the vast majority of which are galaxies. Visual inspection of the images shows few if any galaxies at redshifts greater than ~4 that resemble present-day spiral or elliptical galaxies. The image reinforces the conclusion from the original Hubble Deep Field that galaxies evolved strongly during the first few billion years in the infancy of the universe. Using the Lyman break dropout method to derive samples of galaxies at redshifts between 4 and 7, it is possible to study the apparent evolution of the galaxy luminosity function and number density. Examination of the catalog for dropout sources yields 504 B435 dropouts, 204 V 606 dropouts, and 54 i775 dropouts. The i775 dropouts are most likely galaxies at redshifts between 6 and 7. Using these samples, which are at different redshifts but derived from the same data, we find no evidence for a change in the characteristic luminosity of galaxies but some evidence for a decrease in their number densities between redshifts of 4 and 7. Assessing the factors needed to derive the luminosity function from the data suggests that there is considerable uncertainty in parameters from samples discovered with different instruments and derived using independent assumptions about the source populations. This assessment calls into question some of the strong conclusions of recently published work on distant galaxies. The ultraviolet luminosity density of these samples is dominated by galaxies fainter than the characteristic luminosity, and the HUDF reveals considerably more luminosity than shallower surveys. The apparent ultraviolet luminosity density of galaxies appears to decrease from redshifts of a few to redshifts greater than 6, although this decrease may be the result of faint-end incompleteness in the most distant samples. The highest redshift samples show that star formation was already vigorous at the earliest epochs at which galaxies have been observed, less than 1 billion years after the big bang.
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