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Title:
Understanding widely scattered traffic flows, the capacity drop, and platoons as effects of variance-driven time gaps
Authors:
Treiber, Martin; Kesting, Arne; Helbing, Dirk
Affiliation:
AA(Dresden University of Technology, Andreas-Schubert-Str. 23, 01062 Dresden, Germany), AB(Dresden University of Technology, Andreas-Schubert-Str. 23, 01062 Dresden, Germany), AC(Dresden University of Technology, Andreas-Schubert-Str. 23, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Collegium Budapest-Institute for Advanced Study, Szentháromság u. 2, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary)
Publication:
Physical Review E, vol. 74, Issue 1, id. 016123 (PhRvE Homepage)
Publication Date:
07/2006
Origin:
APS
PACS Keywords:
Transportation, Transport processes, Phase transitions: general studies, Multiphase and stratified flows
Abstract Copyright:
(c) 2006: The American Physical Society
DOI:
10.1103/PhysRevE.74.016123
Bibliographic Code:
2006PhRvE..74a6123T

Abstract

We investigate the adaptation of the time headways in car-following models as a function of the local velocity variance, which is a measure of the inhomogeneity of traffic flow. We apply this mechanism to several car-following models and simulate traffic breakdowns in open systems with an on-ramp as bottleneck and in a closed ring road. Single-vehicle data and one-minute aggregated data generated by several virtual detectors show a semiquantitative agreement with microscopic and flow-density data from the Dutch freeway A9. This includes the observed distributions of the net time headways for free and congested traffic, the velocity variance as a function of density, and the fundamental diagram. The modal value of the time headway distribution is shifted by a factor of about 2 under congested conditions. Macroscopically, this corresponds to the capacity drop at the transition from free to congested traffic. The simulated fundamental diagram shows free, synchronized, and jammed traffic, and a wide scattering in the congested traffic regime. We explain this by a self-organized variance-driven process that leads to the spontaneous formation and decay of long-lived platoons even for a deterministic dynamics on a single lane.
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